Human Body Systems
Body systems › All the different parts of your body work together to keep you healthy and active. When lots of different body parts work as a team to carry out a particular job, like moving blood around or processing food, the team is called a system. You can see parts of several different body systems in this image. Jump to Reproductive system (male) - In men, these are the testes. Learn more about these body parts in the male reproductive system.
Organs are collections of with similar functions. Plant and animal life relies on many organs that coexist in. Organs are composed of main tissue, and 'sporadic' tissues,. The main tissue is that which is unique for the specific organ, such as the, the main tissue of the, while sporadic tissues include the,. The main tissues that make up an organ tend to have common origins, such as arising from the same.
Functionally-related organs often cooperate to form whole organ systems. Organs exist in all. In such as, the of an organ is known as an.
In plants there are three main organs. A hollow organ is an internal organ that forms a hollow tube, or pouch such as the,. In the study of, the term viscus is used to refer to an internal organ, and viscera is the plural form. 79 organs have been identified in the human body.
Contents. Structure Tissue In, is a cellular organizational level between and complete organs. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues. The study of human and animal tissues is known as or, in connection with disease,. For plants, the discipline is called.
The classical tools for studying tissues are the in which tissue is embedded and then sectioned, the, and the. In the last couple of decades, developments in, and the use of have enhanced the detail that can be observed in tissues. With these tools, the classical appearances of tissues can be examined in health and disease, enabling considerable refinement of. Organ systems. The and of a such as humans have a variety of organ systems.
These specific systems are also widely studied in.: pumping and channeling to and from the and with,.: and processing food with,.: communication within the body using made by such as the, gland, or pineal gland, and, i.e., adrenal glands.:, and involved in fluid balance, balance and excretion of.: structures involved in the transfer of between and the, the lymph and the and that transport it including the: defending against -causing agents with,.:, and of mammals. Also of, and, and of birds.: movement with.: collecting, transferring and processing information with,.: the, such as,.: the organs used for, the,.: structural support and protection with,. Strobilus of The study of plant organs is referred to as, rather than anatomy, as in systems. Organs of can be divided into vegetative and reproductive.
Vegetative plant organs are,. The reproductive organs are variable. In, they are represented by the,. In, the organ that bears the reproductive structures is called a. In other divisions of plants, the reproductive organs are called, in, or simply gametophores in. The vegetative organs are essential for maintaining the life of a plant. While there can be 11 organ systems in animals, there are far fewer in plants, where some perform the vital functions, such as, while the reproductive organs are essential in.
However, if there is, the vegetative organs are those that create the new generation of plants (see ). Society and culture Many societies have a system for, in which a living or deceased donor's organ is into a person with a failing organ. The transplantation of larger solid organs often requires to prevent.
There is considerable interest throughout the world in creating. History. This section needs expansion.
You can help. (February 2018) The English word 'organism' is a coined in the 17th century, probably formed from the verb to organize. At first the word referred to an organization or social system. The meaning of a living animal or plant is first recorded in 1842.
Plant organs are made from tissue built up from different types of tissue. When there are three or more organs it is called an organ system. The adjective, also, is used for anything pertaining to the internal organs. Historically, viscera of animals were examined by pagan like the or the in order to divine the future by their shape, dimensions or other factors.
This practice remains an important ritual in some remote, tribal societies. The term 'visceral' is contrasted with the term ', meaning 'of or relating to the wall of a body part, ' The two terms are often used in describing a membrane or piece of connective tissue, referring to the opposing sides.
Antiquity used the word frequently in his philosophy, both to describe the organs of plants or animals (e.g. The roots of a tree, the heart or liver of an animal), and to describe more abstract 'parts' of an interconnected whole (e.g. His logical works, taken as a whole, are referred to as the '). Some alchemists (e.g. ) adopted the assignment between the seven vital organs and the seven as follows: Planet Organ Sun Heart Moon Brain Mercury Lungs Venus Kidneys Mars Gall bladder Jupiter Liver Saturn Spleen Modern times The variations in definitions of what constitutes an organ, their degree of precision, and the variations in how they map to and in (for example, to count how many organs exist in a typical human body) are topics explored by writer Carl Engelking of in 2017 as he analyzed the coverage of the evolving scientific understanding of the. He explored a challenge now faced by anatomists: as human understanding of generally (that is, how things are defined, and how the relationship of one thing to another is defined) meets and, unification of varying views is in higher demand.
However, such unification always faces frontiers, as humans can only declare computer ontologies with certainty and finality to the extent that their own cognitive (that is, science's understanding of the universe) is certain and final. For example, the fact that the tissues of the mesentery are continuous was something that was simply not known for sure until it was demonstrated with. Because humans cannot predict all future scientific discoveries, they cannot build a unified ontology that is totally certain and will never again change. However, one of the points made by an anatomist interviewed by Engelking is that, finality aside, much more could be done even now to. Origin and evolution.
Relationship of major animal lineages with indication of how long ago these animals shared a common ancestor. On the left, important organs are shown, which allows us to determine how long ago these may have evolved. The organ level of organisation in can be first detected in and the more derived. The less-advanced (like, and ) do not show consolidation of their tissues into organs. Complex animals are composed of organs and many of these organs evolved a very long time ago. For example, the liver evolved in the stem vertebrates more than 500 million years ago, while the gut and brain are even more ancient, arising in the ancestor of vertebrates, insects, and worms more than 600 million years ago. Given the ancient origin of most vertebrate organs, researchers have looked for model systems, where organs have evolved more recently, and ideally have evolved multiple times independently.
An outstanding model for this kind of research is the, which has evolved more than 100 times independently in vertebrates, has evolved relatively recently in some lineages, and exists in intermediate forms in extant taxa. Studies on the evolution of the placenta have identified a variety of genetic and physiological processes that contribute to the origin and evolution of organs, these include the re-purposing of existing animal tissues, the acquisition of new functional properties by these tissues, and novel interactions of distinct tissue types.
Dictionary Group (likely Random House). Widmaier EP; Raff H; Strang KT (2014). Vander's Human Physiology (12th ed.). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
Retrieved 14 December 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
Retrieved 2018-02-05. Barnhart's Concise Dictionary of Etymology. Biology Dictionary. Retrieved 2018-02-10. Retrieved 2018-02-10. Philip Ball, The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science.
^ Engelking, Carl (2017-01-06), The Crux (a by Discover writers). Coffey, J Calvin; O'Leary, D Peter (2016). 'The mesentery: structure, function, and role in disease'. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1 (3): 238–247.
^ Griffith, Oliver W.; Wagner, G?nter P. (23 March 2017). 'The placenta as a model for understanding the origin and evolution of vertebrate organs'. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (4): 0072. External links.
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The human body is the structure of a. It is composed of many different types of that together create and subsequently. They ensure and the of the human body. It comprises a head, (which includes the and ), arms and hands, and feet.
The study of the human body involves,. The body in known ways.
Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain homeostasis, with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood. The body is studied by, physiologists, anatomists, and by artists to assist them in their work. Elements of the human body by mass. Are less than 1% combined (and each less than 0.1%). The including,. These elements reside in trillions of cells and non-cellular components of the body.
The adult male body is about 60% for a total water content of some 42 litres. This is made up of about 19 litres of extracellular fluid including about 3.2 litres of blood plasma and about 8.4 litres of, and about 23 litres of fluid inside cells. The content, acidity and composition of the water inside and outside cells is carefully maintained. The main electrolytes in body water outside cells are and, whereas within cells it is and other. Cells The body contains trillions of, the fundamental unit of life. At maturity, there are roughly 30 –37 cells in the body, an estimate arrived at by totalling the cell numbers of all the of the body. The body is also host to about the same number of non-human cells as well as multicellular organisms which reside in the and on the skin.
Not all parts of the body are made from cells. Cells sit in an that consists of proteins such as, surrounded by extracellular fluids. Of the 70 kg weight of an average human body, nearly 25 kg is non-human cells or non-cellular material such as bone and connective tissue. Cells in the body function because of. DNA sits within the of a cell. Here, parts of DNA are and sent to the body of the cell via. The RNA is then used to which form the basis for cells, their activity, and their products.
Proteins dictate cell function and gene expression, a cell is able to self-regulate by the amount of proteins produced. However, not all cells have DNA – some cells such as mature lose their nucleus as they mature. Tissues External video, 5:10 The body consists of many different types of, defined as cells that act with a specialised function. The study of tissues is called and often occurs with a. The body consists of four main types of tissues – lining cells ,.
Cells that lie on surfaces exposed to the outside world or gastrointestinal tract or internal cavities come in numerous shapes and forms – from, to cells with small beating hair-like in the lungs, to column-like cells that line the. Endothelial cells are cells that line internal cavities including blood vessels and glands.
Lining cells regulate what can and can't pass through them, protect internal structures, and function as sensory surfaces. Main articles: and Human is the study of the shape and form of the human body.
The human body has four (two arms and two legs), a head and a which connect to the. The body's shape is determined by a strong made of and, surrounded by fat, muscle, connective tissue, organs, and other structures. The at the back of the skeleton contains the flexible which surrounds the, which is a collection of nerve fibres connecting the brain to the rest of the body. Connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the body. All major bones, muscles, and nerves in the body are named, with the exception of such as.
Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body, which moves because of the beating of the. Venules and collect blood low in oxygen from tissues throughout the body. These collect in progressively larger veins until they reach the body's two largest veins, the and, which drain blood into the right side of the heart. From here, the blood is pumped into the where it receives oxygen and drains back into the left side of the heart. From here, it is pumped into the body's largest, the, and then progressively smaller arteries and arterioles until it reaches tissue. Here blood passes from small arteries into, then small veins and the process begins again.
Blood carries, waste products, and from one place in the body to another. Blood is filtered at the. The body consists of a number of different cavities, separated areas which house different organ systems. The brain and reside in an area protected from the rest of the body by the.
The lungs sit in the. The, and sit in the Height, weight, and other vary individually and with age and sex. Body shape is influenced by the distribution of. Physiology. Main articles: and Human is the study of how the human body functions. This includes the mechanical, physical, and functions of humans in good health, from to the of which they are composed. The human body consists of many interacting systems of.
These interact to maintain, keeping the body in a stable state with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood. Each system contributes to homeostasis, of itself, other systems, and the entire body. Some combined systems are referred to by joint names. For example, the nervous system and the endocrine system operate together as the. The nervous system receives information from the body, and transmits this to the brain via. At the same time, the releases hormones, such as to help regulate and volume.
Together, these systems regulate the internal environment of the body, maintaining blood flow, posture, energy supply, temperature, and acid balance. Development. Main article: Development of the human body is the process of growth to maturity. The process begins with fertilisation, where an egg released from the of a female is penetrated. The egg then lodges in the, where an and later develop until. Growth and development occur after birth, and include both physical and psychological development, influenced by genetic, hormonal, environmental and other factors. Development and growth continue throughout life, through, and through to, and are referred to as the process of.
Human Body System Video
Society and culture. Main article: In, the described the anatomy of the skeleton and muscles. The 2nd century physician compiled classical knowledge of anatomy into a text that was used throughout the Middle Ages. In the, (1514–1564) pioneered the modern study of human anatomy by dissection, writing the influential book. Anatomy advanced further with the invention of the and the study of the cellular structure of tissues and organs. Modern anatomy uses techniques such as, and to study the body in unprecedented detail.
History of physiology. Main article: The study of human physiology began with in Ancient Greece, around 420 BC, and with (384–322 BC) who applied critical thinking and emphasis on the relationship between structure and function. 126–199) was the first to use experiments to probe the body's functions. The term physiology was introduced by the French physician (1497–1558). In the 17th century, (1578–1657) described the, pioneering the combination of close observation with careful experiment.
In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate with the of and in 1838, that organisms are made up of cells. (1813–1878) created the concept of the (internal environment), which (1871–1945) later said was regulated to a steady state in. In the 20th century, the physiologists and extended their studies to. Most recently, has become a distinct subdiscipline. See also.